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          Abdul Hamid II

          Abdul Hamid II (21 September 1842 – 10 February 1918) was the 34th Sultan of the Ottoman Empire.[1] He was the last sultan to have complete control over the Empire.

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          He was responsible of the Hamidian massacres. Killing between 100.000 - 300.000 Armenians. He witnessed many revolutions and wars. Abdul Hamid II ruled from 1876, until he was overthrown by a group of people calling themselves the "Young Turks" in 1909.[2] Abdul Hamid II was the last ruler who nearly had total authority.

          Meaning that his authority was hardly limited by policies or reforms such as a constitution.[2]

          Rule

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          He modernized the Ottoman Empire during his reign.

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          5. Railways, schools and hospitals were built under his rule. He also seeked to unify the Muslims in the Empire under Pan-Islamism. Others had tried to unify people in the Empire under Ottomanism (identity based on shared belonging to the Ottoman Empire).

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